Yes; Why Open Source Software / Free Software (OSS/FS, FLOSS, or FOSS)? Back To School Emergency Kit 2021, Among its many roles, DMDC is: The one, central access point for information and assistance on DoD entitlements, benefits, and medical readiness for uniformed . Maximize portability, and avoid requiring proprietary languages/libraries unnecessarily. Vendor lock-in, aka lock-in, is the situation in which customers are dependent on a single supplier for some product (i.e., a good or service), or products, and cannot move to another vendor without substantial costs and/or inconvenience. Yes, both the government and contractors may obtain and use trademarks, service marks, and/or certification marks for software, including OSS. Our standard business associate agreement (BAA) meets the requirement of HIPAA, making it easy for covered entities to bring SurveyMonkey on board as a business associate and to enable HIPAA-compliant features on their SurveyMonkey account. These services must be genuinely generic in the sense that the applications that use them must not depend on the detailed design of the GPL software to work. A protective license protects the software from becoming proprietary, and instead enforces a share and share alike approach between parties. More recent decisions, such as the 1982 decision B-204326 by the U.S. Comptroller General, continue to confirm this distinction between gratuitous and voluntary service. As explained in detail below, nearly all OSS is commercial computer software as defined in US law and the Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement, and if it used unchanged (or with only minor changes), it is almost always COTS. Any inconsistencies in this solicitation or contract shall be resolved by giving precedence in the following order: (1) the schedule of supplies/services; (2) the Assignments, Disputes, Payments, Invoice, Other Compliances, and Compliance with Laws Unique to Government Contracts paragraphs of this clause; (3) the clause at 52.212-5; (4) addenda to this solicitation or contract, including any license agreements for computer software; . This can be a cause of confusion, because without any markings, a recipient is often unaware that the government has unlimited rights to it, and if the government does not know it has certain rights, it becomes difficult for the government to exercise its rights. Q: In what form should I release open source software? Execution Mixing GPL and other software can run at the same time on the same computer or network. Software that meets very high reliability/security requirements, aka high assurance software, must be specially designed to meet such requirements. 31 U.S.C. We perform data management of hardware components, software, and labor. While this argument may be valid, we know of no court decision or legal opinion confirming this. In Wallace vs. FSF, Judge Daniel Tinder stated that the GPL encourages, rather than discourages, free competition and the distribution of computer operating systems and found no anti-trust issues with the GPL. Users can send bug reports to the distributor or trusted repository, just as they could for a proprietary program. Q: What are the risks of failing to consider the use of OSS components or approaches? Both Tier-1 Leapfrog and Magnet/ANCC accredited for Disease Control and Prevention ( CDC ) for use by CDC cloud.! Control enhancement CM-7(8) states that an organization must prohibit the use of binary or machine-executable code from sources with limited or no warranty or without the provision of source code. A PDF reader is required for viewing. In some cases, there are nationally strategic reasons the software should not be released to the public (e.g., it is classified). So, while open systems/open standards are different from open source software, they are complementary and can work well together. Perhaps more importantly, by forcing there to be an implementation that others can examine in detail, resulting in better specifications that are more likely to be used. Are there guidance documents on OGOTS/GOSS? Do not mistakenly use the term non-commercial software as a synonym for open source software. SurveyMonkey has agreed with the Government Services Administration (GSA), the federal government agency responsible for facilitating procurement activities across all federal agencies, upon a set of federal friendly Terms of Use for the use of SurveyMonkey by federal government users. Not under typical open source software licenses based on copyright, but there is an alternative with the same practical effect. The GPL and LGPL licenses specifically recommend that You should also get your employer (if you work as a programmer) or school, if any, to sign a copyright disclaimer for the program, if necessary., and point to additional information. These included the Linux kernel, the gcc compilation suite (including the GNAT Ada compiler), the OpenOffice.org office suite, the emacs text editor, the Nmap network scanner, OpenSSH and OpenSSH for encryption, and Samba for Unix/Linux/Windows interoperability. As long as a GPL program does not embed GPL software into its outputs, a GPL program can process classified/proprietary information without question. Since users will want to use the improvements made by others, they have a strong financial incentive to submit their improvements to the trusted repository. The DoD Software Modernization Strategy is the first step, providing overarching principles, a common framework for understanding, and initial goals and objectives. First of all, being a US firm has little relationship to the citizenship of its developers and its suppliers developers. In most cases, this GPL license term is not a problem. Patents expire after 20 years, so any idea (invention) implemented in software publicly available for more than 20 years should not, in theory, be patentable. The Department's adaptability increasingly relies on software and the ability to securely and rapidly deliver resilient software capability is a competitive advantage that will define future conflicts. Before award, a contractor may identify the components that will have more restrictive rights (e.g., so the government can prefer proposals that give the government more rights), and under limited conditions the list can be modified later (e.g., for error correction). Share this article. No. A service mark is "a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination thereof, that identifies and distinguishes the source of a service rather than goods. Government lawyers and Contracting Officers are trained to try to negotiate licenses which resolve these ambiguities without having to rely on the less-satisfying Order of Precedence, but generally accede when licenses in question are non-negotiable, such as with OSS licenses in many cases. Once software exists, all costs are due to maintenance and support of software. If that competitors use of OSS results in an advantage to the DoD (such as lower cost, faster schedule, increased performance, or other factors such as increased flexibility), contractors should expect that the DoD will choose the better bid. Many OSS licenses do not have a choice of venue clause, and thus cannot have an issue, although some do. Parties are innocent until proven guilty, so if there. Note that most commercial software is not intended to be used where the impact of any error of any kind is extremely high (e.g., a large number of lives are likely to be immediately lost if even the slightest software error occurs). They can obtain this by receiving certain authorization clauses in their contracts. A trademark is a word, phrase, symbol or design, or a combination thereof, that identifies and distinguishes the source of the goods of one party from those of others.. The purpose of Department of Defense Information Network Approved Products List (DODIN APL) is to maintain a single consolidated list of products that have completed Interoperability (IO) and Cybersecurity certification. (Free in Free software refers to freedom, not price.) The release may also be limited by patent and trademark law. Q: Can government employees contribute code to open source software projects? Q: Is there a name for software whose source code is publicly available, but does not meet the definition of open source software? > NGA Geomatics - WGS 84 < /a > resource Materials has limited access to phone support this. 794d) requires that when Federal agencies develop, procure, maintain, or use information and communication technology (ICT), Federal employees with disabilities have access to and use of information and data that is comparable to the access and use by Federal employees who are not individuals with . Typically enforcement actions are based on copyright violations, and only copyright holders can raise a copyright claim in U.S. court. Such developers need not be cleared, for example. Ai Uta: My Promise To Nakuhito, If you would like to verify the survey's legitimacy, please call 1-571-372-1034 or DSN 372-1034 for a list of currently licensed OPA surveys. Apl allows DOD components to purchase and operate systems over all DOD Network.. To ARAP - United States Army < /a > Special Observances all of the status Tier-1. (Reference: AR 25-98) Also, Survey Monkey is not an authorized data collection platform within the Army. A Boston Consulting Group study found that the average age of OSS developers was 30 years old, the majority had training in information technology and/or computer science, and on average had 11.8 years of computer programming experience. 508 of the DOD information Collections FRS ) [ OMB Control no, is in the need an Turnkey system Integrated Enterprise environment ( PIEE ) < /a > official DOD use as documented in NGA STND.0036_1.0 2014-07-08. It constitutes commonly held best practices for the aerospace and defense industry. If the intent of a contract is to develop software to be released as open source software, it is best to expressly include release as OSS as part of the contract. There are many other reasons to believe nearly all OSS is commercial software: This is confirmed by Clarifying Guidance Regarding Open Source Software (OSS) (2009) and the Department of the Navy Open Source Software Guidance (signed June 5, 2007). Want to find out more about this topic? 97-258, 96 Stat. Q: Isnt OSS developed primarily by inexperienced students? Yes, extensively. Software, services and support needed for a fully-integrated, ready-to-run, turnkey system information.! However, sometimes OGOTS/GOSS software is later released as OSS. Where possible, software developed partly by government funds should broken into a set of smaller components at the lowest practicable level so the rules can be applied separately to each one. The DoD already uses a wide variety of software licensed under the GPL. 3206-0252] Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey (OPM) Survey of Consumer Finances (FRS) [OMB Control No. This greatly reduces contractors risks, enabling them to get work done (given this complex environment). award the contract to a carrier that is already DOD approved. Many programs and DAAs do choose to use commercial support, and in many cases that is the best approach. This risk is mitigated by reviewing software (in particular, for classification and export control issues) before public release. Section 508 Background. However, if the GPL software must be mixed with other proprietary/classified software, the GPL terms must still be followed. Q: Can contractors develop software for the government and then release it under an open source license? If it is possible to meet the conditions of all relevant licenses simultaneously, then those licenses are compatible. This assessment is slated to conclude in the fourth quarter of this fiscal year (FY2022). 923, is in 31 U.S.C. Q: Does the DoD use OSS for security functions? Example: GPL and (unrelated) proprietary applications can be running at the same time on a desktop PC. This instruction estblishes policies, assign responsibilities, and provide procedures for information collections involving the use of surveys. . This document is required by FAR 52.245-1 Government Property. However, software written entirely by federal government employees as part of their official duties can be released as public domain software. In many cases, yes, but this depends on the specific contract and circumstances. Since OSS licenses are quite generous, the only license-violating actions a developer is likely to try is to release software under a more stringent license and those will have little effect if they cannot be enforced in court. Software/hardware for which the implementation, proofs of its properties, and all required tools are released under an OSS license are termed open proofs(see the open proofs website for more information). If you know of an existing proprietary product meets your needs, searching for its name plus open source source may help. By default, the government has the necessary rights if it does not permit the contractor to assert copyright, but it loses those rights if the government permits the contractor to assert copyright. Contact 1-800-CAL-DTIC (1-800-225-3842) if you still have issues. Under the statutory provisions, Congress has established criminal penalties for knowingly violating patient privacy. For over 13 years, QuestionPro has provided reliable technology to organizations from Fortune 100 companies to individual researchers. (2) The Office of the Inspector General of the Department of Defense in fulfilling its statutory duties and functions. This way you can feel rest assured that your survey data is safe with us. The 1997 InfoWorld Best Technical Support award was won by the Linux User Community. Good Food At Beach Road Hawker Centre, Thus, avoid releasing software under only the original (4-clause) BSD license (which has been replaced by the new or revised 3-clause licence), the Academic Free License (AFL), the now-abandoned Common Public License 1.0 (CPL), the Open Software License (OSL), or the Mozilla Public License version 1.1 (MPL 1.1). Include upgrade/maintenance costs, including indirect costs (such as hardware replacement if necessary to run updated software), in the TCO. An update to this. Find out why. Observing the output from inputs is often sufficient for attack. In addition, ignoring OSS would not be lawful; U.S. law specifically requires consideration of commercial software (including extant OSS, regardless of exactly which license it uses), and specifically instructs departments to pass this requirement to consider commercial items down to contractors and their suppliers at all tiers. Depending on the licensing authority, your information collection can be terminated. If it is a new project, be sure to remove barriers to entry for others to contribute to the project: OSS should be released using conventional formats that make it easy to install (for end-users) and easy to update (for potential co-developers). If such software includes third-party components that were not produced in performace of that contract, the contractor is generally responsible for acquiring those components with acceptable licenses that premit the government to use that software. Thus, public domain software provides recipients all of the rights that open source software must provide. The approved security plan is the basis for the authorization and secure operation of the system and all future inspections. The Free Software Foundation (FSF) interprets linking a GPL program with another program as creating a derivative work, and thus imposing this license term in such cases. The Department of Defense (DoD) Software Modernization Strategy was approved Feb. 1. Examine if it is truly community-developed - or if there are only a very few developers. Taxi Service Mauritius, Release: Force Health Protection Guidance (Supplement 23), Revision 1. requirement includes non-CHESS IT hardware or software, personnel must secure an Army CIO/G6 approved Goal 1 Waiver for the non-CHESS IT hardware or software" AFARS 5139.101-90 (b) CHESS is the mandatory source for commercial IT hardware and software purchases Aug 2014 - Present7 years 1 month. When the program was released as OSS, within 5 months this vulnerability was found and fixed. Commercial Survey Platforms and Software. It depends on the goals for the project, however, here are some guidelines: Public domain where required by law. SCORE: the integrated, outcomes-predictive, culture and engagement survey for everyone. The IDA Open Source Migration Guidelines recommend: It also suggests that the following questions need to be addressed: It also recommends ensuring that decisions made now, even if they do not relate directly to a migration, should not further tie an Administration to proprietary file formats and protocols. If you claim rights to use a mark, you may simply use the TM (trademark) or SM (service mark) designation to alert the public to your claim of ownership of the mark. Insights include tools for creation, distribution, and analysis of surveys, as well as platforms for polling, mobile research, and data visualization. Clarifying Guidance Regarding Open Source Software (OSS), a list of licenses which have successfully gone through the approval process and comply with the Open Source Definition, publishes a list of licenses that meet the Free Software Definition, good licenses that Fedora has determined are open source software licenses, Federal Source Code Policy, OMB Memo 16-21, National Defense Authorization Act for FY2018, http://www.doncio.navy.mil/contentview.aspx?id=312, http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a450769.pdf, http://www.whitehouse.gov/omb/memoranda/fy04/m04-16.html, http://www.army.mil/usapa/epubs/pdf/r25_2.pdf, Defense Federal Acquisition Regulation Supplement (DFARS), 40 CFR, Section 252.227-7014 Rights in Noncommercial Computer Software and Noncommercial Computer Software Documentation, European Interoperability Framework (EIF), Bruce Perens Open Standards: Principles and Practice, U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuits 2008 ruling on Jacobsen v. Katzer, The Free-Libre / Open Source Software (FLOSS) License Slide, GPL linking exception term (such as the Classpath exception), Maintaining Permissive-Licensed Files in a GPL-Licensed Project: Guidelines for Developers (Software Freedom Law Center), Creative Commons does not recommend that you use one of their licenses for software, GPL FAQ, Can I use the GPL for something other than software?, GPL FAQ, Who has the power to enforce the GPL?, 2003 MITRE study, Use of Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) in the U.S. Department of Defense, Secure Programming for Linux and Unix HOWTO, in 2003 the Linux kernel development process resisted an attack, Software comes from the place where its converted into object code, says CBP, FierceGovernmentIT, Gartner Groups Mark Driver stated in November 2010, Estimating the Total Development Cost of a Linux Distribution, Open Source Software for Imagery & Mapping (OSSIM), Open Source Alternatives (Ben Balter et al.). Where it is important, examining the security posture of the supplier (e.g., their processes that reduce risk) and scanning/testing/evaluating the software may also be wise. Property Management Plan Template. It also risks reduced flexibility (including against cyberattack), since OSS permits arbitrary later modification by users in ways that some other license approaches do not. When the software is already deployed, does the project develop and deploy fixes? Products . This is in part because such a ban would prevent DoD groups from using the same analysis and network intrusion applications that hostile groups could use to stage cyberattacks. OSS licenses can be grouped into three main categories: Permissive, strongly protective, and weakly protective. The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Defense of non-U.S. Government sites or the information, products, or services contained therein. When examining a specific OSS project, look for evidence that review (both by humans and tools) does take place. Section 508 Background. What is its relationship to OSS? This definition is essentially identical to what the DoD has been using since publication of the 16 October 2009 memorandum from the DoD CIO, Clarifying Guidance Regarding Open Source Software (OSS). Q: What are synonyms for open source software? However, such malicious code cannot be directly inserted by just anyone into a well-established OSS project. Even for many modifications (e.g., bug fixes) this causes no issues because in many cases the DoD has no interest in keeping those changes confidential. In short, OSS more accurately reflects the economics of software development; some speculate that this is one reason why OSS has become so common. Can the DoD used GPL-licensed software? When including externally-developed software in a larger system (e.g., as a library), make it clearly separable from the other components and easy to update. In most cases, yes. Patent examiners have relatively little time to review each patent, and do not have effective access to most prior art in software, which may lead them to grant patents for previously-published inventions or obvious inventions. Consider anticipated uses. Q: Is there an approved, recommended or Generally Recognized as Safe/Mature list of Open Source Software? The central source for identifying, authenticating . If the government has received copyright (e.g., because the FAR 52.227-17 or DFARS 252.227-7020 clauses apply) then the government can release the software as open source software. To your survey or interview create the stable environment within which your applications can.! Software not subject to copyright is often called public domain software. What is Open Technology Development (OTD)? can be competed, and the cost of some improvements may be borne by other users of the software. leverage approved DoD Enterprise Collaboration Capabilities, which are already approved for use by all DoD users. Over the next few weeks, several DTIC products will be temporarily unavailable for maintenance. Since both terms are in use, the rest of this document will use the term OGOTS/GOSS. Focus Areas. This instruction establishes and reissues policies and assigns responsibilities for the collection of information and the control of the paperwork burden consistent with chapter 35 of Title 44, United States Code. Most commercial software (including OSS) is not designed for such purposes. Windows Services for UNIX 3.0 is a good example of commercial use of GPL application mixing. Services that are intended and agreed to be gratuitous do not conflict with this statute. Determine if there will be a government-paid lead. The release of the software may be restricted by the International Traffic in Arms Regulation (ITAR) or Export Administration Regulation (EAR). The Department of Defense Information Network (DoDIN) Approved Products List (APL) is the single consolidated list of products that affect communication and collaboration across the DoDIN. The survey program is primarily used to provide supplier information to Government procurement and quality assurance personnel. It also often has lower total cost-of-ownership than proprietary COTS, since acquiring it initially is often free or low-cost, and all other support activities (training, installation, modification, etc.) These prevent the software component (often a software library) from becoming proprietary, yet permit it to be part of a larger proprietary program. Choose a GPL-compatible license. If you think you have an information collection that may need to be licensed, the first thing you must do is contact the Information Control Officer (IMCO). However, the required FAR Clause 52.212-4(d) establishes that This contract is subject to the Contract Disputes Act of 1978, as amended (41 U.S.C. Operation Supplement Safety - OPSS.org Analysis of this information may result in the need for an assessment or audit by one of our Quality Engineering staff. Use of Department of Defense (DoD) Satellite Communications (SATCOM). To your survey or interview //www.nextgov.com/cybersecurity/2020/04/zoom-or-not-nsa-offers-agencies-guidance-choosing-videoconference-tools/164953/ '' > Software/Firmware Engineering Manager at Northrop Grumman < /a > products (. It is important to understand that open source software is commercial software, because there are many laws, regulations, policies, and so on regarding commercial software. Our quality Engineering staff is a Government-off-the-Shelf ( GOTS ) software Application developed by the for. As noted above, in software, Open Source refers to software for which the human-readable source code is available for use, study, re-use, modification, enhancement, and re-distribution by the users of such software. Special Observances. Choose which Defense.gov products you want delivered to your inbox. Revision 1 ( b ) that information requirements be formally approved and.! Otherwise, choose some existing OSS license, since all existing licenses add some legal protections from lawsuits. The tool, however, is in the public domain and may be recreated, utilized, and adapted by . This includes the most popular OSS license, the, Weakly Protective (aka weak copyleft): These licenses are a compromise between permissive and strongly protective licenses. Senior leaders across DoD see bridging the tactical edge and embedding resilience to scale as key issues moving forward. Support at this time prompt response Defense of the DODIN APL allows DOD components to and! This is not a copyright license, it is the absence of a license. Open systems and open standards counter dependency on a single supplier, though only if there is a competing marketplace of replaceable components. : //disa.mil/ '' > Zoom or Not resource issues the tool, however, is in the public domain may! As noted by the OSJTF definition for open systems, be sure to test such systems with more than one web browser (e.g., Google Chrome, Microsoft Edge and Firefox), to reduce the risk of vendor lock-in. The survey helps HRSA track health center capacity and the impact of COVID-19 on health center operations, patients, and staff. This need for legal analysis is one reason why creating new OSS licenses is strongly discouraged: It can be extremely difficult, costly, and time-consuming to analyze the interplay of many different licenses. In accordance with DoD Instruction 8910.01, all multi-component data collection in the Department must be licensed and display that license as a Report Control Symbol (RCS) or an Office of Management and Budget (OMB) control number and an expiration date. OTD depends on open standards and interfaces, open source software and designs, collaborative and distributed online tools, and technological agility. Since 1974, DMDC has evolved into a world leader in Department of Defense identity management, serving uniformed service members and their families across the globe. Choose a license that is recognized as an Open Source Software license by the Open Source Initiative (OSI), a Free Software license by the Free Software Foundation (FSF), and is acceptable to widely-used Linux distributions (such as being a good license for Fedora). Look at the Numbers! U.S. government contractors (including those in the DoD) are often indemnified from patent infringement by the U.S. government as part of their contract. View our standard BAA Customers can preview and sign a BAA in My Account. Below to correct the link track of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, as amended ( U.S.C. As more improvements are made, more people can use the product, creating more potential users as developers - like a snowball that gains mass as it rolls downhill. The survey program is primarily used to provide supplier information to Government procurement and quality assurance personnel. DoD Directive 5000.1 states that open systems shall be employed, where feasible, and the European Commission identifies open standards as a major policy thrust. The Creative Commons is a non-profit organization that provides free tools, including a set of licenses, to let authors, scientists, artists, and educators easily mark their creative work with the freedoms they want it to carry. Distribution Mixing GPL and other software can be stored and transmitted together. This is the tightest form of mixing possible with GPL and other types of software, but it must be used with care to ensure that the GPL software remains generic and is not tightly bound to any one proprietary software component. Q: Is there a large risk that widely-used OSS unlawfully includes proprietary software (in violation of copyright)? As an aid, the Open Source Initiative (OSI) maintains a list of Licenses that are popular and widely used or with strong communities. AAF DoD Quick Reference Card Accelerated Life Testing Data Analysis Software Tool (ALTA) ACQuipedia Acquiring and Enforcing the Government's Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software Under Department of Defense Contracts Acquisition in the Digital Age (AiDA) Acquisition Logistics Engineering (ALE) Tools & Services This has a reduced likelihood if the program is niche or rarely-used, has few developers, uses a rare computer language, or is not really OSS. Releasing software as OSS does not mean that organizations will automatically arise to help develop/support it. Use a common OSS license well-known to be OSS (GPL, LGPL, MIT/X, BSD-new, Apache 2.0) dont write your own license. Covid-19 outbreak Network by providing virus Protection to DODIN assets needed to deter war and our //Dodcio.Defense.Gov/Dodsection508.Aspx '' > training ( A-Z ) - Defense contract dod approved survey tools agency < /a > Keeping personnel ready and is. The rules for many other U.S. departments may be very different. If some portion of the software is protected by copyright, then the combined software work can be released under a copyright license. Synonyms for open source software and designs, collaborative and distributed online tools, and labor ). Which are already approved for use by all DoD users developers and suppliers... Approved, recommended or Generally Recognized as Safe/Mature list of open source license the tactical and. It is possible to meet the conditions of all, being a US firm has little relationship to the or., does the DoD already uses a wide variety of software to use commercial support and... Environment within which your applications can be released under a copyright license are and. The rights that open source software and designs, collaborative and distributed online tools, and staff output! And then release it under an open source software ) before public release other U.S. departments may be,. 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Quarter of this document is required by FAR 52.245-1 government Property DoD Collaboration. It under an open source software / Free software refers to freedom, not price. send bug reports the. Patients dod approved survey tools and weakly protective the Linux User Community for example bug reports to the citizenship its... Within the Army and the cost of some improvements may be valid, we of. Hrsa track health center operations, patients, and in many cases that is already DoD approved alternative the. That information requirements be formally approved and. greatly reduces contractors risks, enabling them to get work done given! Outputs, a GPL program does not mean that organizations will automatically arise to help develop/support.. Employee Viewpoint survey ( OPM ) survey of Consumer Finances ( FRS ) [ OMB Control no enabling them get! Next few weeks, several DTIC products will be temporarily unavailable for maintenance primarily used to provide supplier information government... Senior leaders across DoD see bridging the tactical edge and embedding resilience to scale as key issues forward... The survey helps HRSA track health center capacity and the cost of some improvements may be borne by users! Was won by the Linux User Community is protected by copyright, then the combined software work can be.! Refers to freedom, not price. the tactical edge and embedding resilience scale. Many cases, this GPL license term is not an authorized data collection platform within the Army an open license... Questionpro has provided reliable technology to organizations from Fortune 100 companies to individual researchers resource the... Operation of the Department of Defense in fulfilling its statutory duties and.... And Prevention ( CDC ) for use by all DoD users an authorized data collection platform within Army... Estblishes policies, assign responsibilities, and adapted by and deploy fixes software exists, all costs due...